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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In some species, the abdomen of the queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of year, and huge swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.
Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are entirely female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
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Depending on species, male and female employees may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
The life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and undergo a series of moults as they develop.
The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed thembut workers also take part in the social life of their colony and also have certain different tasks to accomplish like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
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Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are effective at a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than employees, soldiers and nymphs.69 The decreased levels of damage seem to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.
Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate men and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they perform they excavate a room large enough for both, close up the entrance and proceed to partner.70 After mating, the set never special info go outdoors and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.
For example, alates in certain species appear during the day in summer while some emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with plenty of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the larger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
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The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is several years old.53 At maturity, a main queen has a great capability to lay eggs. In some species, the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might produce 40,000 eggs a day.72 The two adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times more than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant workers provide assistance. .
